preeminently religious with an emphasis on the interior, being the exteriors very discreet
imperial places, military installations, public buildings
demand to construct hospices, hospital, and orphanages
stone is widely used
HAGIA SOPHIA
Byzantine architecture
the union between the empire and the church
the biggest dome for centuries
Pendetive (pechina)- triangular elements that connect the semicircular dome
earthquakes- seismic area- a lot of intervention for the prevention of falling the structure
symbolism- all the proportion needs to inspire and narrate through images and sculptures
Military Architecture
a defensive system and distribution of water
innovation: walls higher than before due to the possibility of attack, became a standard of the military architecture
Preromanesco
the system is transformed by a pyramidal system of vassalage and control of territories
the progressive development of degree in the decoration used
massive churches and other religious buildings
Lombards(6-8th Century)
North Italy
uniform style
great training in goldsmithing
learn how to decorate with floral came from the tradition of balsamic
Visigoths (7-8th Century)
mediterranean sea
plain walls of stone
no windows
model of the traditional Roman basilica (like the columns)
Carolingian (9th Century)
religion fundamental for the construction of monasteries
decoration more complex
Wesrwek- tower that characterized as a church- defense (not used. but more symbolic)
Saxons (9-10th Century)
Carolingian stylistic
abbeys and cathedrals
galleries or tribunes
feudal anarchy
more mature romanesc architecture
massive building, and the light
Islamic: 8-15th Century
different from Christian
use of towers- defending
absence of human beings (big tabu in Islamic religion)
decoration geometrical, floral, and letters as decorating
presence of water
materials: ceramic, using plaster molds
Mosques- places for prayers and gatherings
baths (Hamam)
romanesque: 10-12th Century
presence domes and vaults
light buildings
a common feature all Europe and mediterranean sea
use of bricks
Gothic S.XII-XV
where the classical feature was not so well spread- Ex: England, north of France
features: arches
diagonal ribs
ovigal arch
main feature: use of ribs with stronger material while the panels were built with light and less resistant materials- tecnological advance
CATHEDRALS
less tall but wider- symbolism to "reach God"
the materialization of architecture: walls can be built with glass windows due to the ogival arch
improvements: pointed arches and ribbed vaults
external shoring system for the arches of the central naves
system of stabilization of the structure
decoration: frescoes directly on the stone
history evolution in the french cathedral
CIVIL BUILDINGS
commercial markets and buildings for professional guilds
Lonja de la Seda - Valencia
center of local power
light and open structures
city councils are built
Renaissance 15 and 16 th Century
urban culture: traders, commerce, people- money, power, and knowledge
humanism: was a philosophy that emphasized the importance of human values and achievements distinguishing them from religious dogma
recovery of Romanity, intellectual and artistic achievements of classical antiquity
books of Vitruvius
proportions in architecture
FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
1377-1446
Architect, humanist, sculptor mathematician.
``Architecture is a mathematical science that operates with spacial units''
known for the dome of the cathedral of Florence
LEÓN BATTISTA ALBERTI
1404-1472
architect in theory and practice
Its buildings are full of demonstrative intentions and subtle formal resources oriented to proportion
He composes several treatises like De Pictura
' Beauty is the harmony between all the parts of the whole according to a certain norm so that it is not possible to remove, put, or change anything without the whole becoming imperfect'
ANDREA PALLIDO
1508-1580
writes " I Quattro Libri Architettura"
more than 40 villas built for the Venetian nobility
based on his music studies, he used a numerical system of proportionality
He also built two churches in Venice- Basilica of San Giorgio and the Rendentore
MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI
1475-1564
greatest artist: sculptor, painter, and architect
illustrates the transition between the Reinassance and Mannerism
Laurenziana library
combination of curves and right angles - a sense of movement and tension
staircase protagonist
redevelopment of the Capitoline hill- adds value to the old area
new sensualism called Mannerism, opening the way to space and the baroque style
Baroque
17th-18th Century
emerged as propaganda and glorification of power in the reaffirmation of the counter-reform church
architecture
maximum possible effects from the molded space, the manipulation of light, color, and sensual detail
is the spatial liberation of the rules of the treatises, of conventions, of elementary geometry
focus on the visual effect and decor
GIAN LORENZO BERNINI
Italian architect, sculptor, and painter
in architecture pursues the emotional impact and merges into painting and sculpture to recreate art
work: Apolo and Dafne (sculpture), Fontana Dei Quattro Fiumi (architecture)
FRANCESCO BORROMINI
original and revolutionary architect
simple geometric elements
work: façade of San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane, San Ivo alla Sapienza, Palazzo Spada
ROCOCO
artistic fashion born in the French courtly environment
frivolity and superficiality of a decoration
this will raise the unease of the other social classes which lead to the French Revolution
Neoclassic
18-19th
Enlightenment and the explosion and human inquiry
change towards a rational architecture, dominion of the truth over the visual effect
new information about classical construction- new mindset- French Revolution
moral and ethical underline
Louis Boullé and Claude Nicolas Ledoux were the representatives of the new 'talking architecture'
around Europe and the USA
19th Century
industrial revolution
new materials- iron and concrete- that changed the resistance
language of architecture rediscovered
learn of east countries like japan- new languages
20 th Century
Art-Nouveau- Modernism
change in mentality (because of war)
industrialization - big city overcrowded- the environment of the city wasn´t healthy
middle class-
decoration, furniture was handmade built by professionals
New avantgarde- Expressionism, Cubism; Futurism
1900-1914
diffusion of photography
Gaudí's Casa Milá, Mendelsohn- most representative in expressionism
Gropius, Le Corbusier- cubism
futurism- movement- Niemeyer, Sant' Elia
Avantgarde: Surrealism, abstracts
1913-1932
constructivism: architectural expression of abstractism. Simple architecture and the use of pure lines.
Neoplasticism: orthogonal composition extended to infinity
Rationalism: Bauhaus (Berlin) aimed functionality, industrialization, seriality, and economy
Post-war period
1950-...
The 50s and 60s: function adapted to the needs of the human being within its cultural tradition and its place
since the 1960s: the personal individuality of the architect, the environmental sensitivities related to sustainability begins to have more expression
